2016 Environmental Report

The ICAO Environmental Report 2016 is the Organization’s opportunity to share information on the progress made over the last three years across key areas of ICAO’s environmental protection activities. This fourth edition builds on the success of the past reports. This compendium of technical and scientific articles informs the public of the work of the ICAO Secretariat, ICAO Member States and the many other stakeholders involved. As such, it is considered as the reference document in the area of international aviation and the environment and captures all main developments in this field.

 

The ICAO Environmental Report 2016 presents the work of the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP), which involves more than 600 internationally recognized experts, in areas such as noise, air quality, climate change but also aircraft end-of-life and recycling and climate change adaptation. This report also showcases the importance of partnerships, should it be in the context of assistance and capacity-building projects, with international bodies or with UN organizations.

 

In this edition, concrete case studies have been added to illustrate the quantified benefits of the mitigation actions developed and supported by ICAO. Major steps have been taken since the 38th Session of the ICAO Assembly in 2013 to equip States with the tools needed to pave the way for an environmentally sustainable future, and some initiatives are already bearing fruit.

 

ICAO Environmental Report 2016.pdf ICAO Environmental Report 2016.pdf

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Table of contents


INTRODUCTORY MESSAGES
4  Demonstrating Leadership: Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of the ICAO Council
5  Now Boarding: Dr. Fang Liu, ICAO Secretary General
Table of Contents
8  The Trienium in Review: Towards Environmental Sustainability: Mr Boubacar Djibo, ICAO Director Air Transport Bureau
9  Our Flight  Plan: Ms. Jane Hupe, ICAO Deputy Director, Environment
10  Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP)
CHAPTER 1 - AVIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK
15 Overview
16  Environmental Trends in Aviation to 2050
23  European Models Strengthen Interoperability in Support of CAEP
CHAPTER 2 - AIRCRAFT NOISE
27  Reducing Aircraft Noise - Overview
30 Aviation Noise Impacts: State of the Science
38 Overview of Aviation Noise Research Effort Supported by the European Union
42 Helicopter Noise Reduction Technology Advancements
46 Reducing Sonic Boom - A Collective Effort Status Report
50 Aircraft Noise Models for Assessment of Noise Around Airports – Improvements and Limitations
56 Using Ecoflight Building Software Suite for Predictive Assessment and Development of Compensation Measures to Mitigate Impacts of Aircraft Noise in Areas Near Airports
60 Airport Planning Manual Part 2 – Land Use and Environmental Management
63 Community Engagement
65 10 years Mediation Contract – 10 years of “Dialogue Forum”
68 Moving Towards a 4th Generation in Aircraft Noise Management
CHAPTER 3 - LOCAL AIR QUALITY
73  Local Air Quality - Overview
75 Aviation Impacts on Air Quality: State of the Science
82 New and Improved LAQ Models for Assessment of Aircraft Engine Emissions and Air Pollution in and Around Airports
85 New Particulate  Matter  Standard  for Aircraft  Gas Turbine Engines
89 From Smoke to Nanoparticles: International Measurement Campaigns for the Establishment of a New nvPM Regulation
93 Measures to Reduce Particulate Matters at an Airport: The Case of Copenhagen Airport
CHAPTER 4 - GLOBAL EMISSIONS
97  Introduction to the ICAO Basket of Measures
99 Aviation Impacts on Climate: State of the Science
108 ICAO Cargo and Passenger  Calculator
112 The CAEP/10 recommendation on a new ICAO Aeroplane CO2 Emissions Standard
115 Pushing the Aircraft and Engine Technology Envelope to Reduce CO2 Emissions
119 Speeding Development of Technologies to Make Aircraft Cleaner, Quieter and More Fuel Efficient
120 Environmental Benefits Assessment of Aviation System Block Upgrades
125 Sharing Experience and Learning to Improve Environmental Assessments of Proposed Air Traffic Management Operational Changes
129 Study on the Variation in the Fuel Consumed and Emissions Produced by Aircraft in the Airspace Managed by ASECNA
132 SESAR - Achieving Environmental Benefits Through Operational Efficiency
136 Engaging Airlines and Airports on Continuous Descent Operations
138 How NATS Manages Airspace Efficiency
141 ICAO’s Work on the Development of a Global MBM Scheme for International Aviation
146 Aviation, Offsets and the Paris Agreement
149 Carbon Markets, the Simple Reality
151 CDM Methodologies
153 Progress in Clean Renewable Energy Sources for Aviation
155 How SkyNRG is Taking Sustainable Jet Fuel to the Next Level
159 Sustainable Alternative Fuels: An Opportunity for Airport Leadership
163 Looking Beyond CO2
166 SE4All Sustainable Bioenergy Group: Partnering to Promote Sustainable Aviation Biofuels
168 Aviation’s Carbon Footprint Reduction Through Sustainable Alternative Fuels
172 Flying Green - More Than Just a Campaign
174 The E-Fan Project
177 Cochin International Airport - World’s First Solar-Powered Airport
CHAPTER 5 - STATE ACTION PLANS
179  Overview
182 The Development of Burkina Faso’s State Action Plan
184  Environmental  Project: ICAO-European Union
187  The Central American Action Plan for the Reduction of Emissions from International Civil Aviation and its Update
189 The Development of Spain’s Action Plan: Benefits and Lessons Learned
191  ICAO, UNDP and GEF – progressing the global climate agenda together
CHAPTER 6 - AIRCRAFT END-OF-LIFE AND RECYCLING
194  The Aircraft Life-Cycle: “Reduce, Re-use, Recycle”
196 AFRA – Leading the Way in Safe and Sustainable Aircraft End-of-Life Management
199 The Future of Sustainable, End-of-Life Aircraft Management
CHAPTER 7 - CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE
202  Climate Adaptation and Resilience in International Aviation
205 The Impacts of Climate Change on Aviation: Scientific Challenges and Adaptation Pathways
208 Adapting Aviation to a Changing Climate
211 Adapting Airports to a New Climate
214 Brisbane Airport’s New Parallel Runway Project - Climate Change Adaptation Measures
CHAPTER 8 - PARTNERSHIPS
218  Message from Ban-Ki Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations
219 Creating Opportunities for the Aviation Sector through Sustainable Development by Erik Solheim, Executive Director United Nations Environment  Programme (UNEP)
220 Message from Christina Figueres, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
221 International Aviation and Carbon Markets: From Agreement to Action by John Roome, Senior Director Climate Change, The World Bank Group
222 Message from Tony Tyler, Director General and CEO of the International Air Transport Association (IATA)
224 Message from Angela Gittens, Director General of Airport Council International (ACI)
225 Message from David F. Melcher, President and CEO, Aerospace Industries Association and Chair of the International Coordinating Council for Aerospace Industries Associations (ICCAIA)
226 Message from Jeff Poole, Director General, CANSO
227 Message from Tim Johnson, Director of Aviation Environment Federation, on behalf of the International Coalition for Sustainable Aviation
228 BIOGRAPHIES
246 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
247 ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLICATIONS






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