Return to the ICAO GFAAF Homepage
Annex 16 Vol IV defines a conversion process as "a type of technology used to convert a feedstock into aviation fuel".
As of October 2021, 9 conversion processes for SAF production have been approved by the ASTM International. In order to be used in commercial flights, a sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) has to comply with ASTM D4054.
In order to be eligible for use within the ICAO Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), SAF must also meet a set of sustainability criteria. More information on CORSIA eligible fuels is available on the dedicated CORSIA Eligible Fuels webpage.
Specific details on the conversion processes that already have CORSIA default Life Cycle Emission values (FT, HEFA, SIP and ATJ) are available in the CORSIA supporting document "LCA methodologies"
ASTM reference
| Conversion process
| Abbreviation
| Possible Feedstocks
| Blending ratio by volume
| Commercialization proposals / Projects
|
ASTM D7566 Annex 1
| Fischer-Tropsch hydroprocessed synthesized paraffinic kerosene
| FT | Coal, natural gas, biomass
| 50% | Fulcrum Bioenergy, Red Rock Biofuels, SG Preston, Kaidi, Sasol, Shell, Syntroleum
|
ASTM D7566 Annex 2
| Synthesized paraffinic kerosene from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids | HEFA
| Bio-oils, animal fat, recycled oils | 50%
| World Energy, Honeywell UOP, Neste Oil, Dynamic Fuels, EERC |
ASTM D7566 Annex 3
| Synthesized iso-paraffins from hydroprocessed fermented sugars
| SIP | Biomass used for sugar production | 10% | Amyris, Total |
ASTM D7566 Annex 4
| Synthesized kerosene with aromatics derived by alkylation of light aromatics from non-petroleum sources
| FT-SKA | Coal, natural gas, biomass
| 50%
| Sasol |
ASTM D7566 Annex 5
| Alcohol to jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene
| ATJ-SPK | Biomass from ethanol or isobutanol production | 50% | Gevo, Cobalt, Honeywell UOP, Lanzatech, Swedish Biofuels, Byogy |
ASTM D7566 Annex 6
| Catalytic hydrothermolysis jet fuel
| CHJ
| Triglycerides such as soybean oil, jatropha oil, camelina oil, carinata oil, and tung oil
| 50%
| Applied Research Associates (ARA)
|
ASTM D7566 Annex 7
| Synthesized paraffinic kerosene from hydrocarbon-hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids
| HC-HEFA-SPK | Algae
| 10%
| IHI Corporation
|
ASTM D1655 Annex A1
| co-hydroprocessing of esters and fatty acids in a conventional petroleum refinery
| co-processed HEFA
| Fats, oils, and greases (FOG) co-processed with petroleum
| 5% | |
ASTM D1655
Annex A1
| co-hydroprocessing of Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons in a conventional petroleum refinery | co-processed FT
| Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons co-processed with petroleum
| 5%
| Fulcrum
|
