FANS Stakeholders Group

Dr. Frank Ruggiero

Agenda Item 6 – Training Needs

Slide 1
As shown.
Slide 2	My presentation will explore four key concepts illustrated here. 1st a need to focus on work systems and the value-added work man-machine systems perform, 2nd the importance of simultaneously balancing Operations, Human Factors and Training, 3rd Systems engineering approach to system development and 4th the importance of applying training and consulting to the Project Phase in the Planning to Operations Cycle.
Slide 3	The following lessons have been learned by ATS providers implementing successful CNS/ATM projects

Balancing Regional Needs while Maintaining Interoperability with Global Approach

Economic & Business Case for all stakeholders'

Need for "implementation orientated" regional coalitions for achieving real progress

Team-Centered, Human Resources Management, Planning & Training

Expertise in Project Phase: Planning, Management & Implementation
Slide 4	What is the reason for a failure to consider human and team centered needs early in the system design process? It is because we focus on technical system component design. This map of the world represents one way our industry starts to decide what is needed. As shown, operations functionality requirements and target implementation dates are identified. This information may be the result of a top-down global plan or result from a bottom-up local requirement.
Slide 5	These operational requirements are then translated into equipment and systems transition tables. Once again this is a very technical specification which focuses on equipment procurement and subsystem component design.
Slide 6	This chart represents the major components of an airport system. As you can see we represent the key operations of the airport, the airlines and the traveller, but something very vital is missing. What is missing is an understanding and emphasis on the work systems. The humans working as individuals, crews and teams are a vital part of the system, but their needs are generally identified very late and with insufficient detail to design systems so people can work effectively with them.

To do this is it essential to balance the Operations, Human Factors and Training needs of people working both as individuals and in teams and crews simultaneously and as early as possible throughout the system design and implementation phases.

Slide 7	How do we begin to do work systems analysis? We begin by identifying the major work tasks which must be accomplished by the system. One way to do this is to identify the key agents or workers and understand the jobs they must do. It has been proven over and over in many studies that system designers never spend enough time or resources to understand how thw work is done. This includes the current system and the ways the future system will change work.

Jens Rasmussen, the father of Cognitive Systems Development tells us:

"The dilemma for system designers is that we do not understand how the work gets done. We know that in the morning the workers come to the work place with a full lunch box and in the evening they return to their homes and their lunch box is empty. Something has happened in-between, but we don't know what it is."

In this diagram, the key agents working ATC and Airlines are shown diagrammatically. In the upper hemisphere the relationship between these two quadrants must be understood. In the lower hemisphere the relationship between the needs of the agents working the quadrants must be well understood. Finally the interrelationships across the hemispheres must be well understood early so that this information can positively effect the design of the system.

Finally the needs of the work system must be balanced simultaneously with the Operations, Human Factors and Training needs.
Slide 8	This disgram comes from Systems Engineering and represents the process used to build the 777 Airplane. The red box indicates where Work System needs must be identified and balanced simultaneously with the Operations, Human Factors and Training needs. This focus must be maintained throughout the design process. Remember the best training, is the training which you do not have to provide because the system is designed so well that it isn't required. Unfortunately, in many projects training is what we do to compensate for poorly designed systems. Unfortunately this is a very expensive proposition. In most large system projects the real cost of Human resources management and training is between 20-40 per cent of the overall project cost. However, the budgeted item is usually

5-10 per cent. And since most projetcts overrun it is training and human resources management which gets robbed to pay for equipment development and testing.
Slide 9	This chart represents a typical full-life cycle change process. On the left you see the planning phase which is carried out at ICAO by the PIRG'' and reflected in the Air Navigation Planning process as well as the Global, Regional and National plans.

These plans drive the shaded area called Projects, which usually consist of a Project Development Stage, a Project Approval Phase, a Project Management Stage and a fourth stage Implementation. The transition to day-today operations and management is the final phase of a mature systems implementation. This cycle repeats itself. A number of studies has shown that a key failure of CNS/ATM projects is in resident expertise for the Project Phase. It is clear that training must be provided to better prepare organizations to work this phase. It is also clear that this bridge between planning and changed operations is not occurring with the necessary quality and speed to implement the ICAO global and Regional plans.
Slide 10	In summary, if you would be successful in the design of and implementation of CNS/ATM systems then you must reverse the order of emphasis. Instead of a major focus on technical systems, and then minimal attention to human resource and training needs and finally work systems. Instead reverse the emphasis, work systems analysis, balance simultaneously Operations, Human Factors and Training needs throughout the design cycle and the technical system design needs will take care of themselves.
Slide 11	The second most important thing to do is focus on improving the expertise available to organizations by developing and delivering training for a new accredited skill, CNS/ATM Implementation Specialist.
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